Txilis verticiliozuri xmobis epifitotia dasavleT saqarTveloSi
lamziri beraZe - biologiis akademiuri doqtori
ioseb basilia- soflis meurneoobis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori
ese jayeli - soflis meurneoobis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori
rusudan takiZe- soflis meurneoobis mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori
nika gunTaZe – magistranti
sakvanZo sityvebi: soko, miceliumi, sklerociumi, verticiliumi, paTogenuri, lecitini
referati
Txilis mcenaris verticiliozuri xmobis
Eepifitotia dasavleT saqarTveloSi.
Txilis davadebaTa Soris Txilis verticiliozuri xmoba metad saSiSi da zianis momtani daavadebaa. igi pirvelad saqarTveloSi Cvens mier aRiniSna 2002-2003 wlebSi. Yyovelwliurad vakvirdebodiT mis gamovlenas. 2021 wlamde igi erTeuli Rero-totebis xmobiT aRiniSneboda.
Mmimdinare- 2021 wels davadeba masiurad gavrcelda ozurgeTis, Coxatauris vanis, zugdidis municipalitetebis Txilis plantaciebSi.
Cveni gamokvlevebiT daavadebis gamomwvevia: Verticillium –is gvaris Semdegi saxeobebi: Verticillium dahlia Kleb., Verticillium foexsii V.Beuma da Verticillium Lateritum Berk.
Sesavali: Txili uZvelesi da Zvirfasi kulturaa, mas mravalmxrivi gamoyeneba aqvs. xasiaTdeba maRali kvebiTi RirebulebiT da samkurnalo TvisebebiT. Txilis zeTi saukeTeso gemosia, mas advilad iTvisebs organizmi masSi gaxsnili vitaminebiT. Kkaloriis mixedviT Txilis guli 2-3 jer aRemateba xorbals, 3-4 jer xorcs, 8-9 jer rZes.
Txilis guli didi raodenobiT Seicavs lecitins, romelic xels uwyobs Tavis tvinis normalur muSaobas, aferxebs parkisonis daavadebis warmoSobas da mis progresirebas, ajansaRebs gul-sisxlZarRvTa sistemas, aumjobesebs mexsierebas. mdidaria kaliumis, fosforisa da magniumis marilebiT, romelTa naklebobac iwvevs gulis daavadebas, nervozs. Txilis miRebiT garkveulwilad regulirdeba nivTierebaTa cvla. Seicavs bunebriv iods, mza mdgomareobaSi rac Ciyvis sawinaaRmdego uebari saSualebaa.
Txilis naWuWis naxarSis nayeni ki saxalxo medicinaSi gamoiyeneba xvelis sawinaaRmdegod. Txilis mkvrivi da lamazi merqani gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva saojaxo da sxva daniSnulebis nakeTobaTa dasamzadeblad.
Txilis uxvi da myari mosavlis miRebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Txilis kulturis dacvas paTogenuri mikroorganizmebisagan.
Txilis kulturaze Cvens mier gamovlenilia 51 saxeobis parazituli da saprofituli bunebis soko (1,2,3) romelTac TavianTi ganviTarebisa da gavrcelebisaTvis, xelsayreli pirobebis dadgomisas SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani ziani miayenon Txilis kulturas.
Txilis daavadebaTa Soris metad saSiSi da didi zianis momtania Txilis verticiliozuri xmoba, romlis gamomwvevia sokoebi: Verticillium dahlia Kleb., V. Lateritum Berk., V. foexsii V. Beuma igi pirvelad saqarTveloSi aRiniSna Cvens mier 2002-2003 wlebSi (4). 2020 wlamde daavadeba erTeuli SemTxvevebis saxiT aRiniSneboda. Mmimdinare wels, dasavleT saqarTvelos pirobebSi daavadebam epifitotiuri gavrcelebis saxe miiRo.
Txilis verticiliozuri daavadeba yovelTvis vlindeba zafxulSi, roca Txilis nayofebi momwifebis fazaSia. Aam dros mcenaris buCqis calkeuli toti, Rero an mTlianad buCqi iwyebs xmobas. Mmcenares ewyeba foTlebis gayviTleba da naadrevi cvena. zogjer ki aRiniSneba uecari Wknobis SemTxvevebic, mcenare ferSeucvlelad Wkneba da xmeba. Mmwvane foTlebi ki deformirdeba da Wkneba, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac mcenare naxanZrals waagavs. foTlebi am dros muq yavisfer Seferilobas Rebulobs da swrafad xmeba.
Txilis Reroebisa da totebis ganiv ganakveTze, centralur nawilSi, aRiniSneba ღეროს daskdoma, dabzarva da Savi feris laqis warmoqmna.
igi vrceldeba rogorc vertikalurad ise horizontalurad. Savi feris laqaSi aRiniSneba sokos mikrosklerociebi. roca merqnis ferSecvlili zona miaRwevs kambiumis wres mcenare iRupeba. Kambiumis wres mcenaris sicocxlisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs. Aaseve Reros ganiv ganakveTze aRiniSneba sokos miceliumi da gumisebri (webosebri) nivTierebis gamoyofa.
daavadebuli momwifebuli nayofi moSavo Seferilobas Rebulobs.
zogjer axlad daavadebul nayofs Savi feris laqa ar uviTardeba, magram nayofis gatexvisas SeiniSneba sokos hifebi. Mmomwifebul nayofze aseve fiqsirdeba nayofis gulis kanis skdoma an kani sruliad Zvreba. zogjer nayofi mumificirebulia da ganuviTarebeli.
Mmomwifebuli nayofis naWuWis gatexvisas aRiniSneba daskdoma da xvrelebis warmoSoba. saidanac webovani masa SeiniSneba.
toqsikuri nivTierebebi, romlebic warmoiqmnebian zogierTi fitopaTogenuri sokoebis mier, mcenareSi gadaadgildebian gamtari WurWlebis gziT da warmoadgenen mcenareTa Wknobisa da xmobis erT-erT mizezs.
Verticillium-is gvaris sokoebi cxovroben niadagis rizosferoSi, mcenareSi iWrebian fesvebidan da fesvis yelidan, Semdeg vrceldebian mcenaris Rero-totebsa da nayofebSi. mcenareSi gadaadgildebian WurWelboWkovani konebiT, xvdebian mcenaris yvela organoSi da iwveven maT Wknobasa da xmobas.
traqeomikozis gamomwvevi mravali soko (verticilium-i, Fusarium-i da sxva), romlebic niadagSi cxovroben iWrebian mcenareSi fesvebidan da fesvis yelidan. mcenareSi gamoyofen toqsinebs. rogorc cnobilia sokos mier gamoyofili toqsinebi iwveven mcenaris ujredis osmosuri wnevis darRvevas, mcenaris mowamvlas da WurWlebis dacobas, rac sabolaod iwvevs mcenaris xmobas. (4,5)
aseve gumisebri nivTierebis gamoyofa aferxebs sakvebi nivTierebisa da wylis miwodebas mcenareSi. Mmcenaris qsovilebSi paTogenis SeWrisas mcenare pasuxobs mTeli rigi anatomiuri da bioqimiuri procesebis cvalebadobiT, romlebic erTgvar bariers qmnian parazitis winaaRmdeg da aZneleben mis winsvlas qsovilebSi, ramdenadac es reaqciebi Zlieria, imdenad mcenare gamZlea davadebis mimarT. (6,7)
mimdinare - 2021 wels Txilis verticiliozurma xmobam epifitotiis saxe miiRo dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela municipalitetSi: ozurgeTSi, CoxataurSi, vanSi, zugdidSi. adgili qonda er|Tdroulad 15-20 mcenaris uecar xmobas.
Cvens mier mcenaris davadebuli totebidan, nayofebidan, sufTa kulturaSi gamoyofili iqna verticillium-is gvaris Semdegi saxeobebi:
Verticillium dahlia Kleb. soko polifaguri bunebisaa. Aaavadebs 700- mde ojaxis warmomadgenel mcenares. soko Cvens mier gamoyofili iqna Txilis mcenaris fesvis yelidan, Rero-totebidan da nayofebidan. Mmcenaris infeqcia xdeba mikrosklerociebis an miceliumis saSualebiT. infeqciis sawyisi sokos mikrosklerociumebi mcenareul narCenebsa da niadagSia, romelebic sicocxlisunarianobas 3 wlamde inarCuneben.
soko xelovnur sakveb areze, sufTa kulturaSi advilad gamoiyofa. gadaTesvidan meore dResve iwyebs ganviTarebas bambisebri, moTeTro-moSindisfro Seferilobis, saSualo simaRlis miceliumis saxiT. axasiaTebs Zlieri sporulacia. Kkonidiumebi erTujrediania, uferuli, cilindruli an mogrZo formis, zomiT 6-7 X3-3,5 mkm. substratuli miceliumi muqi Sindisferia, odnav molurjo feris.
Verticillium foexsii V.Beuma. - soko sufTa kulturaSi gamoyofili iqna Txilis mcenaris fesvis yelidan da Rero totebidan. sufTa kulturaSi sokos miceliumi dabali, lorwovani konsistenciisaa, axasiaTebs uxvi sporulacia. Kkonidiosporebi uferulia, ovaluri an cilindruli formis, 1 an 2 cximis wveTiT. zomiT 5,7 X 3,6 mkm. substratuli miceliumi mkveTri vardisferia.
Verticillium Lateritum Berk. - sufTa kulturaSi gamoyofili iqna Txilis mcenaris Rero-totebidan da nayofebidan. sokos miceliumi mowiTalo-agurisferia, xaverdovani, konidiumebi cilindrulia, asimetriuli, zomiT 3,4-6 X 2-3,5 mkm. MmasaSi konidiumi mowiTalo-agurisferia.
davadebis xelSewmwyobi pirobebia: Txilis verticiliuri davadeba yovelTvis vlindeba zafxulSi, roca Txilis nayofebi momwifebis fazaSia. Aam dros umetesad maRali temperaturaa. Mmcenares nayofebis gamonaskvisa da nayofis momwifebis fazaSi esaWiroeba wyliT da sakvebi nivTierebiT uzrunvelyofa. rogorc cnobilia Txilis nayofi Seicavs fosfors, kaliums, magniums. Mmomwifebul nayofebs mcenaridan gamoaqvs fosfori, kaliumi, magniumi. Zlier msxmoiarobisas ki mcenares akldeba es elementebi. roca mcenares sakvebi nivTierebebi aklia, igi davadebis mimarT naklebad gamZlea.
Txilis verticilozuri davadebis SesazRudad saWiroa Catardes Semdegi RonisZiebebi: mosavlis aRebis Semdeg Catarebuli unda iqnas sanitarul-higienuri brZolis RonisZieba.
- Zlier davadebuli mcenaris, Rero-totebis moWra, nakveTidan gatana da dawva. Tu mcenaris erTeuli Reroa davadebuli mcenares unda moscildes, moiWras, gatanil iqnas nakveTidan da daiwvas. Aaseve saWiroa Camocvenili foTlebis, davadebuli burCxebi nakveTidan gatana da dawva.
Semodgomaze, foTolcvenis Semdeg, mcenareebi unda Sesxurdes 3-4 %-iani rkinis SabiamniT xavsebisa da mRierebis sawinaRmdegod xavsebsa da mRierebSi sxvadasxva mikroorganizmebi izamTrebs. Ggvian Semodgomaze (dekemberi) an adre gazafxulze (Tebervlis bolo) TxilnarebSi azotiani, fosforiani, kaliumiani da magniumiani sasuqebis Setana 2 weliwadSi erTxel.
Ggvian Semodgomaze an adre gazafxulze, Txilis mcenaris irgvliv 10-15 sm-is siRrmeze mcenareebis Semobarva. Aam dros mavne mikroorganizmebi niadagis Rrma fenebSi moiqceva da iRupeba.
Aaseve saWiro nayofebis gamonaskvisas da nayofebis momwifebisas organul-mineraluri sasuqiT izabioniT mcenareebis Sesxureba.
- nayofis gamonaskvisas 3 l/ha.
- nayofis momwifebisas 4l./ha.
verticiloizuri xmobis winaaRmdeg karg Sedegs iZleva sinTezuri mikroelementebi: Mg, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co ,Cu da nitrilotri ZmarmJavas Semceli xelatebi.
izabioni zrdis mosavlianobas, aumjobesebs gamonaskvis process. zrdis mcenaris gamZleobas gvalvisa da davadebebis mimarT.
literatura.
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- Ll .a. beraZe verticiliuri xmobis gamomwvevi sokoebi dasvleT saqarTvelos subtropikul zonaSi saq.sof.meurneobis mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. N3, t.42, gv.65-68, 2020 w. Tbilisi
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Abstract
Verticillium wilt epiphytes of the hazelnut plant in western Georgia
Lamziri Beradze – Acadenik doctor of biologicae,
Ioseb Basilia – Doctor of Agriculture sciences,
Ese Jakeli - Doctor of Agriculture sciences,
Rusudan Takidze – Academik doctor of Agriculture,
Nika Guntadze – Magistrant
Key word: Fungi, Micelii, Sclerotii, Verticillium, Pathogen, Lecitin.
Among Nut Diseases, Verticillium wilt is one of the most dangerous and damaging diseases. It was first noticed by us in Georgia in 2002-2003. Every year we observe its detection. Until 2021, it was marked by the wilting of unit stem and branches.
This year in 2021, the disease has spread massively in hazelnut plantations of Ozurgeti, Chokhatauri, Vani and Zugdidi municipalities.
According to our research, the disease is caused by the following species of the genus Verticillium: Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Verticillium foxii V.Beuma and Verticillium Lateritium Berk.